Weber assumes an industry will choose its location based on the desire to minimize production costs and thus maximize profits. This is Alfred Weber's theory of industrial location, explaining and predicting where industries will locate based on cost analysis of transportation, labor, and agglomeration factors. These rural land use zones are divided in the model into concentric rings. Given the model's assumptions, the pattern that emerges predicts more-intensive rural land uses closer to the marketplace, and more-extensive rural land uses farther from the city's marketplace. Von Thünen's Model of Agricultural Land Useĭeveloped by German geographer Johann Heinrich von Thünen, this model explains and predicts agricultural land use patterns in a theoretical state by varying transportation cost. Keep in mind that his "laws" applied to the timeframe and context of his analysis. Ravenstein's laws state that better economic opportunities are the chief cause for migration that migration occurs in multiple stages, rather than one move that the majority of people move short distances and that those who migrate longer distances choose big-city destinations that urban residents are less migratory than rural residents that for every migration stream, there is a counterstream and factors such as gender, age, and socio-economic level influence a person's likelihood to migrate. Unfavorable conditions, such as oppression and high taxes, push people out of a place, whereas attractive opportunities, called pull factors, cause them to migrate into regions. His laws state that migration is impacted by push and pull factors. Ravenstein used data from England to outline a series of "laws" explaining patterns of migration. Stage 4 countries show less emigration and more intraregional migration. More international migration is seen in stage 2 as migrants search for more space and opportunities in countries in stages 3 and 4. People become increasingly mobile as industrialization develops. Migration trends follow demographic transition stages. Additionally, destinations that are more distant have a weaker pull effect than do closer opportunities of the same caliber. When applied to migration, larger places attract more migrants than do smaller places. Leading causes of death in later stages are related to diseases associated with aging, such as heart disease. In later stages, diseases once thought eradicated reappear as more-developed societies come into easier contact with less-developed regions struggling with the more primitive diseases, such as smallpox and the bubonic plague. As industrialization proceeds, diseases related to urban life spread. In the early stages, plague and pestilence spread as a result of poor medical technology. The crude death rate first falls because of the influx of better health technology, and then the birth rate gradually falls to match the new social structure.īased on the observation that explains how population increase necessitates increased inputs of labor and technology to compensate for reductions in the natural yields of swidden farming.ĭisease vulnerability shifts in patterns similar to the DTM. In the process, population growth rates skyrocket and then fall again. In the four stages of transition from an agricultural subsistence economy to an industrialized country, demographic patterns move from extremely high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.
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